Starving CPUs

In his keynote, Fransesc Alted talked about starving CPUs. Thirty years back, memory and CPU frequencies where about the same. Memory speed kept up for about ten years with the evolution of CPU speed before falling behind. Nowadays, memory is about a hundred times slower than the cache which is itself about twenty times slower than the CPU. The direct consequence is that CPUs are starving and spend many clock cycles waiting for data to process.

In order to improve the performance of programs, it is now required to know about the multiple layers of computer memory, from disk storage to CPU. The common architecture will soon count six levels: mechanical disk, solid state disk, ram, cache level 3, cache level 2, cache level 1.

Using optimized array operations, taking striding into account, processing data blocks of the right size and using compression to diminish the amount of data that is transfered from one layer to the next are four techniques that go a long way on the road to high performance. Compression algorithms like Blosc increase throughput for they strike the right balance between being fast and providing good compression ratios. Blosc compression will soon be available in PyTables.

Fransesc also mentions the numexpr extension to numpy, and its combination with PyTables named tables.Expr, that nicely and easily accelerates the computation of some expressions involving numpy arrays. In his list of references, Fransesc cites Ulrich Drepper article What every programmer should know about memory.

Using PyPy's JIT for science

Maciej Fijalkowski started his talk with a general presentation of the PyPy framework. One uses PyPy to describe an interpreter in RPython, then generate the actual interpreter code and its JIT.

Since PyPy is has become more of a framework to write interpreters than a reimplementation of Python in Python, I suggested to change its misleading name to something like gcgc the Generic Compiler for Generating Compilers. Maciej answered that there are discussions on the mailing list to split the project in two and make the implementation of the Python interpreter distinct from the GcGc framework.

Maciej then focused his talk on his recent effort to rewrite in RPython the part of numpy that exposes the underlying C library to Python. He says the benefits of using PyPy's JIT to speedup that wrapping layer are already visible. He has details on the PyPy blog. Gaël Varoquaux added that David Cournapeau has started working on making the C/Python split in numpy cleaner, which would further ease the job of rewriting it in RPython.

CrossTwine Linker

Damien Diederen talked about his work on CrossTwine Linker and compared it with the many projects that are actively attacking the problem of speed that dynamic and interpreted languages have been dragging along for years. Parrot tries to be the über virtual machine. Psyco offers very nice acceleration, but currently only on 32bits system. PyPy might be what he calls the Right Approach, but still needs a lot of work. Jython and IronPython modify the language a bit but benefit from the qualities of the JVM or the CLR. Unladen Swallow is probably the one that's most similar to CrossTwine.

CrossTwine considers CPython as a library and uses a set of C++ classes to generate efficient interpreters that make calls to CPython's internals. CrossTwine is a tool that helps improving performance by hand-replacing some code paths with very efficient code that does the same operations but bypasses the interpreter and its overhead. An interpreter built with CrossTwine can be viewed as a JIT'ed branch of the official Python interpreter that should be feature-compatible (and bug-compatible) with CPython. Damien calls he approach "punching holes in C substrate to get more speed" and says it could probably be combined with Psyco for even better results.

CrossTwine works on 64bit systems, but it is not (yet?) free software. It focuses on some use cases to greatly improve speed and is not to be considered a general purpose interpreter able to make any Python code faster.

More readings

Cython is a language that makes writing C extensions for the Python language as easy as Python itself. It replaces the older Pyrex.

The SciPy2008 conference had at least two papers talking about speeding Python: Converting Python Functions to Dynamically Compiled C and unPython: Converting Python Numerical Programs into C.

David Beazley gave a very interesting talk in 2009 at a Chicago Python Users group meeting about the effects of the GIL on multicore machines.

I will continue my report on the conference with the second part titled "Applications And Open Questions".

July, 8-9: Tutorials

The first two days were dedicated to tutorials and I had the chance to talk about SciPy with André Espaze, Gaël Varoquaux and Emanuelle Gouillart in the introductory track. This was nice but it was a bit tricky to present SciPy in such a short time while trying to illustrate the material with real and interesting examples. One very nice thing for the introductory track is that all the material was contributed by different speakers and is freely available in a github repository (licensed under CC BY).

July, 10-11: Scientific track

The next two days were dedicated to scientific presentations and why python is such a great tool to develop scientific software and carry out research.